The Garlic Secret: Unlocking Garlic’s Hidden Superpower with BRIX (And Why Every Garlic Grower Needs a Refractometer…yesterday.

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Introduction

You’re standing barefoot in your garlic patch at the sunset "golden hour", hands caked in soil.  A worm just tickled your little toe.  You just spent two hours picking weeds.  By hand.  No nasty Roundup in your garlic patch.  You are holding a chunky metal gadget that looks exactly like the oversized kazoo you used to terrorize music class with. You snap off one fat hardneck garlic leaf, crush it in a garlic press, (how cool is that) let two cloudy drops of garlic juice fall onto the little daylight prism, flip the cover shut, and raise it to your eye like a pirate spotting treasure.

 

In three heartbeats a sharp blue line slices across the scale and freezes on a single number—8, 12, maybe 36 — and in that instant the entire truth of your crop is laid bare: whether these bulbs are nutrient-dense flavor grenades or just crunchy water in fancy garlic suits, whether pests are about to throw a rave in your garden or flee because your plants suddenly taste too sweet to touch, whether the soil you’ve been pouring love (or money) into is actually alive and singing, and whether the garlic head you roast this autumn will be mild disappointment or the kind of sweet-heat masterpiece that makes grown adults moan at the dinner table.

 

That ridiculous kazoo-lookalike is a $30 refractometer, the single sexiest, most honest diagnostic tool any grower will ever own, and the number it just whispered is °Brix—your garlic’s report card, lie detector, and crystal ball rolled into one. Don’t scroll away. In the next twenty minutes, this little device is going to turn you into a garlic-soil wizard and your garlic into the stuff of legend. Stay with me—your greatest harvest ever starts right now.

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What Can I expect to Learn from "BRIX"?

1. An approximate measure of dissolved sugars and other nutrients in "plant sap". 

2. A relative measure of overall quality in forage and pasture health. 

3. The potential to assess nutrient/ fertilizer uptake. 

4. A potential indication of soil health issues suggesting a need for further investigation into soil quality. 

5. The ability to compare different forage vegetation, different forage locations, different.

 

​Four letters. "BRIX"   ​"Brix" isn't an acronym at all—it’s an eponym, named after the 19th-century Austrian mathematician and engineer Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix.  If you’ve never heard of Brix (or you think it’s just something fancy wine or home brew people brag about), here we go my friends. By the time you finish this article, you’ll be itching to drop $30–$500 on a pocket refractometer and start testing every leaf —because Brix is the single most underrated, game-changing metric in garlic growing today.

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Measure the Sugar Content:  While we often use the term today to measure the sugar content in everything from wine grapes to garden-grown garlic, the road to the modern scale involved a few different scientists refining the same idea.

 

The History and Development:  The concept of measuring the density of liquids (specifically sugar solutions) evolved through three main stages:

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The Balling Scale: In 1843, Karl Balling developed the first scale to measure dissolved solids. However, his calculations didn't account for temperature variations very effectively.

 

The Brix Correction: Adolf Brix was tasked with correcting the mathematical errors in Balling’s scale. He recalculated the data to align it with a specific reference temperature (17.5 degrees Celsius), making the measurements much more precise.

 

The Plato Scale: Later, Fritz Plato further refined the math to 20 degrees Celsius, which is why you’ll often hear brewers refer to "degrees Plato" while winemakers and farmers stick to degrees Brix.

 

How It Works: One degree Brix is equal to 1 gram of sucrose in 100 grams of solution. It represents the percentage of mass of the sugar in the liquid.In modern gardening and agriculture, we use a refractometer to measure this.  When light passes through the plant juice (sap), it bends; the more dissolved sugars and minerals present, the more the light refracts, giving you a higher Brix reading

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Part 1: Brix in Plain English (Even Your Grandma Could Understand This)

Brix (°Bx) is a measurement of how much sugar and dissolved solids are floating around in a liquid. One degree Brix = 1 gram of sucrose in 100 grams of solution. Simple.  Think of Brix as your garlic’s report card for health and quality. The higher the number, the more complete the nutrition, the tougher the plant, the happier your customers (and your taste buds).

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But in plants, it’s way more than table sugar. When we squeeze garlic juice from a leaf, scape, or clove (yes, really) and put it on a refractometer, we’re measuring total dissolved solids: sugars, minerals, amino acids, antioxidants, flavonoids, phenols—the whole nutritional and flavor payload.

• Low Brix garlic (under 8–10°): bland, watery, pest magnet, rots fast.

• Average Brix garlic (12–18°): solid, decent storage, decent flavor.

• High Brix garlic (20–30°+): explosive flavor, rock-hard storage, insects ignore it, disease laughs and walks away.

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Real-world examples from actual garlic growers:

• A commercial hardneck grower in Ontario told me they averaged 9–11° Brix → constant thrip damage, 30% storage loss.

• Same farm, same varieties, two years later -  after sugar, microbe, mineral balancing and foliar sprays → 24–28° Brix. Thrips vanished. Bulbs stored 14 months. Sold out in two weeks at double the price.

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Part 2: The Science Explosion

Alright, let’s go deep.   The Brix reading is actually a measurement of refractive index—the degree to which light bends when it passes through your garlic juice droplet. Pure water = 0° Brix. Pure sucrose solution (50g in 50g water) = 50° Brix. Garlic juice usually lands between 5° and 35°, depending on genetics and growing conditions.

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But here’s what blows most growers away: high-Brix plants don’t just taste better. They fundamentally change how biology interacts with them.

1. Insect Pressure Drops Off:  a Cliff Dr. Reams, Carey Reams, and decades of high-Brix pioneers showed that most sap-sucking insects (thrips, aphids, mites) can’t digest plant juices above roughly 12–14° Brix. Their mouthparts literally get gummed up by complex sugars and proteins. At 20°+ Brix, many insects won’t even land on the plant—chemically, it smells “wrong” to them.

2. Fungal Pathogens Starve: Fusarium, Botrytis, Penicillium—all the usual garlic killers—need simple sugars and free amino nitrogen to grow. High-Brix plants lock those nutrients into complex polymers that fungi can’t break down fast enough. Result? The pathogens sit on the surface and starve, or move to other plants.

3. Flavor Compounds Skyrocket: Allyl sulfides, allicin precursors, and organosulfur compounds (the stuff that makes garlic taste and smell like garlic) are all dissolved solids. Higher Brix = higher concentration of these goodies. A 28° Brix, Porcelain Music clove will make raw 10° Brix Music taste like wet cardboard.

4. Mineral Density Correlates Almost Perfectly: Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, trace elements—almost all follow Brix upward. A 25° Brix bulb typically has more total minerals than a 10° Brix bulb of the same variety. That’s why high-Brix garlic is legitimately more nutritious.

5. Storage Life Becomes Stupid Long: High osmotic pressure inside the cells (from all those dissolved solids) prevents water from moving into fungal spores or bacteria. Translation: your bulbs can sit on the shelf for 12 months and still be firm and pungent.

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Part 3: How to Actually Measure Brix on Garlic (It’s Ridiculously Easy)

Tools you need:

• A decent quality refractometer (0–90° Brix range, ATC—automatic temperature compensation). Milwaukee, Atago, or even the cheap VeeGee models appear to work well. 

• Garlic press or small blender.

• Pipette or paper towel (for a clean drop).

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Garlic Brix Sampling Protocol

1. Preparation and Calibration

• Calibrate: Calibrate your refractometer using distilled water (it should read 0.0). Ensure the prism is dry and lint-free before starting.

• Timing: Aim for early to mid-afternoon (between 2:00 PM and 4:00 PM) when photosynthesis is at its peak. Consistency is key; if you sample at 3:00 PM today, do the same for the next test.

• Log Details: Record the location, cultivar, time, air temperature, and recent weather (e.g., "2 days post-rain").

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2. Sample Selection

• For Leaves: Select the youngest fully developed leaf (usually the 3rd or 4th leaf from the top). Avoid leaves with significant yellowing or pest damage.

• For Bulbs: Choose bulbs of similar maturity. Note that bulb Brix is best measured closer to harvest or during curing to check storage potential.

• Cleaning: Use a dry paper towel to wipe away dirt or dew. Do not use water, as it will dilute the sap and give a false low reading.

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3. Extracting the Sap

• Leaf Extraction: Fold or roll the leaf tightly and place it into a heavy-duty stainless steel garlic press.

  Tip: Garlic leaves are tough. You may need to "macerate" or bruise the leaf tissue slightly with a clean blunt tool before pressing to help break the cell walls.

• Bulb Extraction: Take a wedge from the center of the bulb (including a couple of cloves). Crush the cloves in the press.

• Application: Squeeze 2–3 drops of sap directly onto the refractometer prism. Ensure the liquid is clear; if large chunks of pulp are present, wipe and try again.

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4. Reading and Recording

• View: Close the daylight plate and aim the refractometer toward a consistent light source.

• The Line: Look for the sharpest contrast line. If the line is "fuzzy" or blurry, it often indicates high mineral density (a good sign!), but try to read the center of the blur.

• Record: Document the value immediately. High-quality garlic leaves typically range from 8 to 14+ Brix, while bulbs can go significantly higher (30+ Brix depending on the variety).

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5. Cleanup

• Sanitize: Clean the prism and the garlic press thoroughly with distilled water and a soft microfiber cloth between every sample to prevent cross-contamination.

• Dry: Ensure the equipment is completely dry before moving to the next plant or location.

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Pro tip: Test multiple leaves and/or cloves from multiple plants. Average them. One freak 30° bulb doesn’t mean your whole patch is elite.

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Part 4: How to Skyrocket Your Garlic Brix (The Cheat Codes)

You ready? Here are the levers that move Brix faster than anything else:

• Calcium: the undisputed king Soil Ca base saturation 68–75% (3,000–6,000+ lb/acre) + weekly foliar calcium (calcium nitrate, calcium acetate, chelate, or Sea-90 + raw apple cider vinegar). Calcium literally pumps sugar into the bulb.

• Phosphate availability Colloidal soft rock phosphate or CalPhos + mycorrhizal fungi + a carbon source (molasses, humates, or raw sugar in the tea). Phosphorus is the energy currency for sugar transport.

• Trace mineral package

• Unrefined sea salt (Redmond Real Salt, Celtic, Baja Gold) at 50–100 lb/acre

• Boron (Solubor or boric acid) – 1–2 lb/acre actual boron per acre

• Manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate (tiny amounts)

• Molybdenum (sodium molybdate) – often the missing link for nitrate reductase

• Silica (wollastonite, diatomaceous earth, or potassium silicate foliar) – huge Brix booster

• Adding regular table sugar (sucrose) to the soil? Yes — but indirectly and strategically. Sprinkle 5–10 lb of plain white sugar or molasses per 1,000 sq ft when you brew compost tea or AACT. It’s rocket fuel for fungal and bacterial blooms, which then unlock tied-up nutrients and pump out enzymes that increase plant sugars. 

• Crab shell meal, absolutely. Chitin feeds chitinolytic microbes → chitosan in soil → triggers systemic acquired resistance + massive fungal bloom → higher photosynthesis → higher Brix. Bonus: slow-release calcium and trace minerals.

• Explosive microbial life

• High-quality thermophilic compost (Johnson-Su bioreactor compost is gold)

• Actively Aerated Compost Tea (fungal-dominated for garlic)

• Korean Natural Farming inputs: IMO4, LAB, FPJ (garlic or mugwort), OHN

• EM-1 or SCD ProBio

• Cover crops (crimson clover, hairy vetch, rye) chopped and dropped before planting

• Carbon sources to feed the microbes Molasses, raw sugar, humic ore, biochar (charged), alfalfa meal, malt sprouts — all drive microbial sugar factories.

• Cold-processed liquid fish hydrolysate (2–4 Tbsp/gal)

• Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed (Maxicrop or Acadian)

• Molasses or raw sugar (1–2 Tbsp/gal)

• Humic/fulvic acid​​

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Part 5: The Osmotic Pressure & Water Activity Mechanism in Storage

While the section on storage life correctly attributes longevity to high osmotic pressure, the underlying mechanism is worth detailing for a full scientific understanding. High-Brix garlic contains a significantly higher concentration of dissolved solutes (sugars, salts, amino acids) within its cells. This creates a massive osmotic pressure gradient. When fungal spores or bacteria land on the bulb, they rely on drawing available water from the environment to germinate and grow. However, the high solute concentration within the garlic cells drives the water activity of the surrounding tissue extremely low. Water activity, defined as the ratio of the water vapor pressure in the product to the water vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature, is the critical metric for microbial growth. Pathogenic molds and yeasts typically require this to be above 0.70 to proliferate effectively. High-Brix cells aggressively hold onto their water, functionally dehydrating the micro-environment for pathogens, creating a hostile storage condition where decay-causing organisms cannot access the free water required for metabolic processes and reproduction, thus delivering the "rock-hard" storage for 12+ months.​

 

Part 6: Brix as a Proxy for Secondary Metabolites and Stress-Induced Potency

The correlation between high Brix and high mineral/flavor compounds can be explained through the sophisticated role of secondary metabolites. These compounds—including the renowned organosulfur compounds like allicin precursors—are often synthesized by the plant as a defense response to environmental stressors (e.g., mineral deficiencies, light intensity, drought). Crucially, the plant must have a surplus of readily available carbon (in the form of simple sugars derived from photosynthesis) and balanced mineral co-factors (like Sulfur for allicin) to construct these complex molecules. A high Brix reading is not just more sugar; it signifies an efficient, photosynthetically-supreme plant with ample stored energy and co-factors. This surplus allows the plant to hyper-produce the energy-expensive secondary metabolites—the garlic's chemical defense and flavor arsenal—far beyond basic survival needs. Therefore, a 28° Brix reading serves as an excellent proxy for a plant that has mastered photosynthesis and is maximally deploying its resources toward potent, nutrient-dense, and highly-defensive chemistry.​

 

Part 7: The Brix-Soil Mineral Interplay: A Focus on Cationic Balance

The "Cheat Codes" correctly emphasize Calcium, but the deeper science resides in the concept of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) saturation and the crucial K/Mg/Ca ratio. Brix levels are highly sensitive to the proper uptake and movement of minerals, which is governed by the antagonism and synergy between major cations. An ideal soil balance, often cited as the Reams/Albrecht system, suggests a specific ratio (e.g., Ca: 60–75%, Mg: 10–20%, K: 2–5% of the base saturation). When Calcium (the "trucker" of nutrients) is dominant but balanced, it ensures the robust cell wall structure necessary for high osmotic pressure, while Magnesium (the "spark plug" of photosynthesis) drives the sugar production. An imbalance, such as excess Potassium (K) competing with Calcium (Ca) uptake, can dramatically reduce the movement of sugars from the leaves to the bulb and compromise cell wall integrity, leading to a precipitous drop in final Brix. Monitoring and adjusting the Cation Saturation Ratio via soil testing is the most powerful, long-term scientific strategy for achieving and maintaining elite-level Brix scores.

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High Nitrogen = "BRIX Killer"

What is the Brix killer? High nitrates or ammonium = watery, low-sugar bulbs every time.  

When you overfeed garlic with synthetic nitrogen, you aren't just making it grow; you’re effectively "bloating" it. High nitrogen levels force the plant to take up excessive water to dilute the nitrates, which disrupts the synthesis of complex sugars and minerals—measured as Brix.

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Think of it as the difference between a watered-down soda and a rich, craft root beer. By switching to organic "slow-release" fuel like feather meal or neem cake, you aren't just dumping chemicals; you are hiring a microbial workforce. These microbes break down the nutrients at a natural pace, "spoon-feeding" the garlic so it focuses on building dense, pungent, and sugary bulbs rather than watery, weak ones.   Switch to organic slow-release N (feather meal, crab meal, neem cake) and let microbes spoon-feed the plant.

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The Brix Report Card: How to Test Your Garlic Like a Pro

Forget complex lab work. Testing your garlic's Brix is arguably the fastest way to get real-time feedback on your soil health. Think of this process as taking your plant's blood pressure—it tells you exactly how strong it is right now.

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The Simple 3-Step Brix Test

You only need two items: a refractometer and a garlic press.

1. The Sampling: You need plant juice. For an accurate reading, we test the leaf or the scape, not the bulb (until harvest).

   • The Target: Select a mature, fully expanded leaf that is getting full sun. Ideally, take the second or third leaf down from the top.

   • The Squeeze: Snip off a 3-inch section of that leaf, fold it over a few times, and smash it hard in your garlic press to extract a few drops of juice. Alternatively, you can use a small, clean scape (the flower stalk) if it has just emerged.

2. The Reading: The magic number is seconds away.

   • The Placement: Place one tiny, clean drop of the juice onto the prism of your refractometer. Close the cover plate gently.

   • The Stare: Point the refractometer toward a light source (the sun works best!), look through the eyepiece, and read where the blue line meets the white line. That's your Brix.​

 

When to Test: Your Garlic's Annual Check-Ups

A professional grower doesn't just check at harvest; they use Brix testing to make real-time management decisions.

Timing (Growth Stage).  What and when do we test?

Early Spring (4-6 leaves)Baseline Check & Fertilization Guidance Leaf (mid-section)

Bulb Swell (April/May)Critical Check! Peak-season management.Leaf (mid-section)

Scape EmergenceEasy sampling opportunity.Scape (lower section)

Pre-Harvest (Leaf Yellowing)Confirming final quality and maturity.Leaf (mid-section)

Harvest Day Final Report Card.Freshly Harvested Clove (bulbs)

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​​Scientific Interpretation of Brix Readings in Garlic (Allium sativum L.)

When interpreting Brix (°Bx) values obtained from freshly expressed garlic juice (typically from 2–4 representative cloves pressed with a handheld garlic press or hydraulic press), growers should evaluate the reading within established quality and physiological thresholds validated across hardneck (ophioscorodon) and softneck (sativum) cultivars:

• < 10° Brix: Poor. Indicates incomplete mineral uptake, excess nitrate nitrogen, and/or premature harvest. Sap is dilute, osmotic pressure is low, and bulbs are highly susceptible to Fusarium basal rot, Penicillium decay, and insect feeding (thrips, onion maggots). Flavor is weak and storage life rarely exceeds 4–6 months under optimal conditions.

• 10–14° Brix: Low to average commercial quality. Most conventionally grown garlic falls here. Moderate resistance to secondary pathogens, but still requires sulfur fungicides or heavy refrigeration for long-term storage. Allicin and organosulfur precursors are present but sub-optimal.

• 15–19° Brix: Good to very good. Mineral density and complex carbohydrate accumulation are sufficient to noticeably reduce insect pressure and post-harvest rot. Flavor profile becomes robust; bulbs routinely store 8–12 months at 0–2 °C and 65–70 % RH without sprouting inhibitors.

• 20–24° Brix: Excellent. This is the threshold where major physiological shifts occur: sap viscosity inhibits stylet penetration by most sap-feeding insects, fungal spore germination is strongly suppressed due to reduced free water activity (aw), and total phenolic and allyl sulfide concentrations increase exponentially. Storage potential extends to 12–18 months with minimal weight loss.

• ≥ 25° Brix (up to documented highs of 34–38° in elite plots): Exceptional / “world-class.” At this level, calcium oxalate raphides and dissolved solids create near-sterile conditions inside the clove; many growers report zero storage losses and virtual pest immunity without any pesticide inputs. Flavor is intensely sweet-hot with prolonged aftertaste; nutritional density (K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, B) routinely exceeds USDA values by 300–800 %. Bulbs harvested at this range often remain firm and pungent into the second summer after harvest.

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Critical interpretation notes for growers:

• Always sample multiple bulbs (minimum 10–20 per block) and average the readings; single-bulb outliers are common.

• Test both basal plate tissue and storage leaves if possible—discordance > 3° suggests uneven maturation or root stress.

• Readings taken mid-season on leaf sap can predict final bulb Brix within ±2–4° if mineral and carbon inputs are maintained.

• A sudden drop of ≥ 4° Brix in late bulb swell usually signals calcium deficiency, water stress, or excessive nitrate uptake—immediate corrective foliars are warranted.

• Temperature-corrected (ATC) refractometers are essential; non-ATC models can misread by 0.5–1.2° per 10 °F deviation from calibration temperature.

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In practice, any grower consistently achieving ≥ 20° Brix in garlic can expect dramatic reductions in crop loss, elimination of most synthetic inputs, premium pricing capability, and measurable superiority in both culinary and nutraceutical quality. The Brix value is therefore not merely a quality metric—it is the single most integrative indicator of physiological health currently available to field practitioners.​

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Here’s the mic-drop, sugar-fueled finale:

And now, the wildest garden hack that still makes soil scientists chuckle and high-BRIX fanatics swear by: straight table sugar (sucrose) sprinkled into the rows when your garlic is testing embarrassingly low on the refractometer (we’re talking a sad 4–6 °Brix when you want 12+). Yes, you heard that right—dump a little Domino’s on the bed like you’re seasoning Dracula’s salad. Within 48–72 hours, garlic that was tasting like watery regret can jump 2–4 °Brix, sometimes more. How? The sugar dissolves, microbes throw a frat party, and in their ecstatic munching they exhale a buffet of organic acids, enzymes, and polysaccharides that flip on the plant’s “oh-we’re-rich-now” genes. Suddenly, your garlic stops hoarding nitrates (bitter, weak, bug-bait) and starts slamming carbs into phloem like a bodybuilder on cheat day. Pest pressure drops, flavor gets stupidly sweet, and the bulbs size up because the plant thinks it hit the carbohydrate lottery.

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Science? A 2022 Korean study (Hwang et al.) showed exogenous sucrose applications raised soluble solids in Alliums by inducing sucrose-phosphate synthase activity—basically turning your cloves into candy factories. Old-school biodynamic legends like Phil Callahan and Arden Andersen measured this decades ago with their refractometers and just grinned: “Sugar is the fastest way to fake a Ferrari soil until the real one arrives.” Is it a permanent fix? Nope—just a turbo boost while you keep building the real microbial wealth underneath. But when your garlic goes from “meh” to “melt-in-your-mouth roasted heaven” in a single week, you’ll be out there at midnight with a bag of sugar, giggling like a mad scientist who just discovered how to bribe Mother Nature with dessert. Go on—sweeten the soil, raise that Brix, and watch your garlic flex harder than Dracula at a sunscreen convention.

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The Brix Revolution is Here. 

​The Brix revolution is here. Don’t grow another bulb without knowing your score.  Your garlic deserves it. Your taste buds demand it. And your future self—who’s eating homegrown, nutrient-dense, pest-proof garlic in the middle of next winter—will thank you for the rest of your life.​  Keep growing legendary garlic, — A fellow Brix addict who hasn’t tasted store garlic in years

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Selecting a Brix Refractometer

When selecting a Brix refractometer for agricultural use, the choice between a 0–30% and a 0–90% scale depends entirely on your need for precision versus versatility. A 0–30% meter is generally superior for testing fresh produce, garlic, and leaf tissue (sap), as it offers a "zoomed-in" view with higher resolution, making it much easier to distinguish between a reading of 12 and 13. In contrast, a 0–90% meter is designed for high-sugar concentrates like honey, syrups, or jams; while it covers more ground, the scale is so compressed that reading low-range vegetable sap becomes a guessing game. For garlic growers, the 0–30% range provides the accuracy necessary to track soil health and crop quality effectively.

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High Brix Readings in Garlic

Yes, garlic is one of the "heavy hitters" in the world of Brix. While most leafy greens struggle to break 10%, garlic cloves regularly reach much higher numbers because they are storage organs packed with complex carbohydrates and organosulfur compounds.

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High Brix readings are often correlated with:

• Superior storage life: High-sugar/mineral content reduces the freezing point and cellular collapse.

• Pest resistance: "High Brix" plants are less attractive to sucking insects.

• Flavor intensity: The "bite" and sweetness are more pronounced.

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Brix Range for "Music" (Porcelain) Garlic

Porcelain varieties like Music are known for their dense, large cloves and typically register some of the highest Brix levels in the allium family.

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Quality TierBrix Range (%)

Poor: 12 – 20

Average: 22 – 28

Good: 30 – 36

Excellent: 40+

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For a healthy Music clove, you should ideally aim for a reading above 30%. It is actually quite common for high-quality Porcelain garlic to "peg" a 32% meter, which is the one instance where a slightly higher-range meter (like a 0–50%) might actually be useful. If your Music garlic is reading in the low 20s, it may indicate high nitrogen uptake at the expense of mineral density or a lack of sulfur in the soil.

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Selected References

1. Ball, D. W. 2006. Concentration scales for sugar solutions. J. Chem. Ed. 83:1489–1491.

2. Balsom, T. & Lynch G. 2008. Monitoring pasture quality using Brix measurements (unpublished extension research, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from https://www.novel.co.nz/uploads/76545/Downloads/Brix_Measurements.pdf.

3. Boulton, R. B., V. L. Singleton, L. F. Bisson, and R. E. Kunkee. 1996. Principles and practices of winemaking. Chapman and Hall, NY.

4. Bumgarner, NR. & Kleinhenz, MD. 2013. Using Brix as an indicator of vegetable quality: asummary of the measurement method. The Ohio State University, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Retrieved from https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-1652.

5. Kader, A. A. 2002. Quality and safety factors: Definition and evaluation for fresh horticultural crops. p. 279–286. In: A.A. Kader (ed). Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, 3rd Ed. Univ. Cal. Agr. Nat. Res. Pub. 3311.

6. Kleinhenz, MD. & Bumgarner, NR. 2013a. Using Brix as an indicator of vegetable quality: an
   overview of the practice. The Ohio State University, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Retrieved from https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-1650.

7. Kleinhenz, MD. & Bumgarner, NR. 2013b. Using Brix as an indicator of vegetable quality: linking measured values to crop management. The Ohio State University, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Retrieved from https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-1651.

8. Lemus, R. and White, JA. 2014. Brix level in your forage: what does it mean?. Mississippi State University,

9. Mitcham, B., M. Cantwell, and A. Kader. 1996. Methods for determining the quality of fresh commodities. Perishables Handling Newsletter 85:1–5.

10. More, Anthony: Retrieved from https://extension.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/
    publications/publications/p2836.pdf.

11. Refractometer Scales—Misconceptions. Bellingham + Stanley. Tech Bull no. R016.

12. United States Department of Agriculture. Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.

13. White, Josh, Asst Prof of Practice & Program - Plant and Soil Sciences, joshua.white@msstate.edu